一孔录The video for this chapter is still in production. For now this page gives the original text, the facsimile page, a working translation and the commentary; the full reading follows when the video is out.
子張問崇德、辨惑。子曰：主忠信，徙義，崇德也。愛之欲其生，惡之欲其死。既欲其生，又欲其死，是惑也。誠不以富，亦祗以異。Zizhang asked about exalting virtue and discerning delusion. The Master said: Hold loyalty and good faith as primary and move toward what is right — that is exalting virtue. When you love someone you want him to live; when you hate him you want him to die. Wanting him to live and also wanting him to die — that is delusion. 'Truly it is not for wealth, but only for something different.'
What this chapter says
一孔按：崇德是主忠信、徙义；爱他就要他活，恨他就要他死，既要他活又要他死，这就是惑。爱恶全凭一己之情，就会自相矛盾。常有人问：“爱之欲其生，恶之欲其死”，孔子说这是惑，错在哪里？上面是一孔录的回答。
Yikonglu's reading of this chapter is in Chinese for now; the English version comes with the video.
白Plain Chinese
子张问怎样增进德行、分清迷惑，孔子说，以忠信为本，见义就迁从，是增德；爱一个人就希望他活、厌恶他又希望他死，既希望他活又希望他死，就是迷惑。所引诗句说，实在不是因为富有，只是因为不同。
Draft plain-Chinese rendering following Zhu Xi; it will be checked when the chapter is covered.
看Watch this chapter
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Connections
- Same question
Asking how to exalt virtue: 2 times in the book. Different people asked, and got different answers:
- Other books
- SourceBook of Songs: Book of Songs, Xiao Ya, Wo Xing Qi Ye: “Truly it is not for wealth, but only for novelty.” (成不以富，亦祇以異。)
- People
- Textual variants
- Base text reads 亦祗以异; the received text reads 亦只以异
Relationship map of the whole book · The Analects, AI-reconstructed edition (PDF)
Close reading and checking
For readers who want to go deeper or check our work: key words in the commentary, what other commentators say, textual variants, the commentaries in their own words with facsimile pages, pronunciation and corrections. Tap a heading to open it.
常The common reading
“爱之欲其生，恶之欲其死”，孔子说这是惑，错在哪里？
注Key words in the commentary
主忠信，则本立；徙义，则日新。
核Zhu Xi's commentary, line by line
Zhu Xi's own words on each line of this chapter, each checked against the base-edition page. Other commentators are added when the chapter is covered. About this edition
| Line | Quoted text | Page |
|---|---|---|
| 子曰：主忠信，徙 | “主忠信，则本立；徙义，则日新。” | page 164 |
| 既欲其生，又欲其 | “爱恶，人之常情也。然人之生死有命，非可得而欲也。以爱恶而欲其生死，则惑矣。既欲其生，又欲其死，则惑之甚也。” | page 164 |
| 既欲其生，又欲其 | “此诗小雅我行其野之词也。旧说夫子引之，以明欲其生死者不能使之生死，如此诗所言不足以致富而适足以取异也。程子曰：此错简，当在第十六篇齐景公有马千驷之上，因此下文亦有齐景公字而误也。” | page 164 |
| 诚不以富，亦祗以 | “堂堂乎张也，难与并为仁矣，则非诚善补过不蔽于私者，故告之如此。” | page 164 |
见Cross-references
- 诚不以富，亦祗以 Other sources：成不以富，亦祇以異。（《诗经·小雅·我行其野》，四部备要《毛诗郑笺》PDF第297页；朱注底本PDF第164页）
异Textual variants
Where the base edition differs from the common text; the original follows the base edition.
| Base edition | Common text | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 亦祗以异 | 亦只以异 | 底本PDF164保留祗；杨本12.10作只 |
家Other commentaries
Our base text is Zhu Xi's Collected Commentaries (above). Here are other commentaries side by side: for old commentaries, the first line of the sub-commentary with a link to the woodblock scan; for modern editions, one short quoted translation for comparison. The “compared with Zhu Xi” notes are written by Yikonglu, not quoted.
皇侃《论语义疏》Liang dynasty · 1750 Japanese woodblock edition · juan 六
“子張問求崇重有德，辨別疑惑之法也。”……
Compared with Zhu Xi
| Commentary | Point | Relation | Confidence | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 钱穆《论语新解》 | differs | fairly sure | 均以主忠信、徙义为崇德，爱恶欲人生死为惑。钱将崇看作尊重己德，朱以本立日新说德进；均非把任情爱恶称好恶之正。 | |
| 杨伯峻《论语译注》 | 诗句 | word sense | settled | 杨明确姑从朱注意译，并不采程子错简为已证；忠信徙义、爱恶欲生死为惑的主旨一致。 |
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