一孔录The video for this chapter is still in production. For now this page gives the original text, the facsimile page, a working translation and the commentary; the full reading follows when the video is out.
子張問：士何如斯可謂之達矣？子曰：何哉，爾所謂達者？子張對曰：在邦必聞，在家必聞。子曰：是聞也，非達也。夫達也者，質直而好義，察言而觀色，慮以下人。在邦必達，在家必達。夫聞也者，色取仁而行違，居之不疑。在邦必聞，在家必聞。Zizhang asked: What must a scholar be like to be called accomplished? The Master said: What do you mean by accomplished? Zizhang replied: Known throughout the state, known throughout the clan. The Master said: That is being known, not being accomplished. The accomplished man is upright in substance and loves what is right; he weighs people's words and observes their looks, and is mindful to put himself below others. He is sure to succeed in the state and in the clan. As for the man who is merely known, he puts on a look of humaneness but acts against it, and dwells in this without doubt. He is sure to be known in the state and in the clan.
What this chapter says
一孔按：子张问怎样算达，孔子先反问你说的达是什么。子张说的是在邦必闻，那是闻不是达。达是质直好义、察言观色、虑以下人；闻是色取仁而行违。常有人问：子张问怎样算“达”，孔子为什么先反问他说的达是什么？上面是一孔录的回答。
Yikonglu's reading of this chapter is in Chinese for now; the English version comes with the video.
白Plain Chinese
子张问士怎样才算通达，孔子反问他所谓通达是什么，子张说，在诸侯国或卿大夫之家都名声显著，孔子说，那是有名声，不是通达。真正通达的人质朴正直而爱义，观察别人的言语神色，处处谦下，所以在哪里都通达；只求名声的人，外表装成仁而行为违仁，自己却安然不疑，所以在哪里也都能取得名声。
Draft plain-Chinese rendering following Zhu Xi; it will be checked when the chapter is covered.
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Connections
- Same question
Asking about the scholar (shi): 3 times in the book. Different people asked, and got different answers:
- 12.20 Zizhang: Plain and upright and loving what is right, attentive to words and observant of faces, mindful to put himself below others.
- 13.20 Zigong: He conducts himself with a sense of shame, and when sent on missions abroad he does not disgrace his ruler's commission.
- 13.28 Zilu: Earnest, encouraging, and genial.
- Same line elsewhere
- Analects 13.28 子路問曰：何如斯可謂之士矣？……
- People
Relationship map of the whole book · The Analects, AI-reconstructed edition (PDF)
Close reading and checking
For readers who want to go deeper or check our work: key words in the commentary, what other commentators say, textual variants, the commentaries in their own words with facsimile pages, pronunciation and corrections. Tap a heading to open it.
常The common reading
子张问怎样算“达”，孔子为什么先反问他说的达是什么？
注Key words in the commentary
达者，德孚于人而行无不得之谓。
核Zhu Xi's commentary, line by line
Zhu Xi's own words on each line of this chapter, each checked against the base-edition page. Other commentators are added when the chapter is covered. About this edition
| Line | Quoted text | Page |
|---|---|---|
| 子张问：士何如斯 | “达者，德孚于人而行无不得之谓。” | page 167 |
| 子张问：士何如斯 | “子张务外，夫子盖已知其发问之意，故反诘之，将以发其病而药之也。” | page 167 |
| 子张对曰：在邦必 | “言名誉著闻也。” | page 167 |
| 夫达也者，质直而 | “闻与达相似而不同，乃诚伪之所以分，学者不可不审也。故夫子既明辨之，下文又详言之。” | page 167 |
| 夫达也者，质直而 | “而实德则病矣。” | page 168 |
| 夫闻也者，色取仁 | “内主忠信，而所行合宜，审于接物，而卑以自牧，皆自修于内，不求人知之事。然德修于己而人信之，则所行自无窒碍矣。” | page 168 |
| 夫闻也者，色取仁 | “善其颜色以取于仁，而行实背之，又自以为是而无所忌惮。此不务实而专务求名者，故虚誉虽隆而实德则病矣。” | page 168 |
| 在邦必闻，在家必 | “学者须是务实，不要近名。有意近名，大本已失，更学何事？为名而学，则是伪也。今之学者，大抵为名。为名与为利，虽清浊不同，然其利心则一也。” | page 168 |
| 在邦必闻，在家必 | “子张之学，病在乎不务实。故孔子告之，皆笃实之事，充乎内而发乎外者也。当时门人亲受圣人之教，而差失有如此者，况后世乎？” | page 168 |
见Cross-references
- 子张问：士何如斯 Elsewhere in the Analects：子路问曰：何如斯可谓之士矣？（《论语》集注分章13.28（底本第 185 页））
家Other commentaries
Our base text is Zhu Xi's Collected Commentaries (above). Here are other commentaries side by side: for old commentaries, the first line of the sub-commentary with a link to the woodblock scan; for modern editions, one short quoted translation for comparison. The “compared with Zhu Xi” notes are written by Yikonglu, not quoted.
皇侃《论语义疏》Liang dynasty · 1750 Japanese woodblock edition · juan 六
“問士通若為德行，而謂得為達也。”……
Compared with Zhu Xi
| Commentary | Point | Relation | Confidence | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 杨伯峻《论语译注》 | same | settled | 闻为名誉、达为德孚而行得，不等于只闻名；杨察言观色译分析言语颜色，朱重恭退真德与色仁行违的诚伪。 | |
| 钱穆《论语新解》 | same | fairly sure | 同分达为实德通于外与闻为外在名誉，质直好义、谦下合为真达；察言观色必须联系内义，不是伺颜求媚。 |
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