一孔录The video for this chapter is still in production. For now this page gives the original text, the facsimile page, a working translation and the commentary; the full reading follows when the video is out.
子曰：晉文公譎而不正，齊桓公正而不譎。The Master said: Duke Wen of Jin was crafty and not upright; Duke Huan of Qi was upright and not crafty.
What this chapter says
一孔按：晋文公诡而不正，齐桓公正而不诡。二公都以力假仁，心都不正，但桓公伐楚仗义执言、不由诡道，比文公好些。常有人问：“晋文公谲而不正，齐桓公正而不谲”，两个霸主差在哪？上面是一孔录的回答。
Yikonglu's reading of this chapter is in Chinese for now; the English version comes with the video.
白Plain Chinese
孔子说，晋文公行事诡谲而不正，齐桓公行事正当而不诡谲。
Draft plain-Chinese rendering following Zhu Xi; it will be checked when the chapter is covered.
看Watch this chapter
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Connections
- Other books
- Read alongside (Yikonglu)Three Character Classic 21: “The Five Hegemons grew strong” (五霸强): Confucius both praises and criticizes two of the hegemons.
- People
Relationship map of the whole book · The Analects, AI-reconstructed edition (PDF)
Close reading and checking
For readers who want to go deeper or check our work: key words in the commentary, what other commentators say, textual variants, the commentaries in their own words with facsimile pages, pronunciation and corrections. Tap a heading to open it.
常The common reading
“晋文公谲而不正，齐桓公正而不谲”，两个霸主差在哪？
注Key words in the commentary
晋文公，名重耳。齐桓公，名小白。谲，诡也。二公皆诸侯盟主，攘夷狄以尊周室者也。
核Zhu Xi's commentary, line by line
Zhu Xi's own words on each line of this chapter, each checked against the base-edition page. Other commentators are added when the chapter is covered. About this edition
| Line | Quoted text | Page |
|---|---|---|
| 子曰：晋文公谲而 | “晋文公，名重耳。齐桓公，名小白。谲，诡也。二公皆诸侯盟主，攘夷狄以尊周室者也。虽其以力假仁，心皆不正，然桓公伐楚，仗义执言，不由诡道，犹为彼善于此；文公则伐卫以致楚，而阴谋以取胜，其谲甚矣。二君他事亦多类此，故夫子言此以发其隐。” | page 193 |
家Other commentaries
Our base text is Zhu Xi's Collected Commentaries (above). Here are other commentaries side by side: for old commentaries, the first line of the sub-commentary with a link to the woodblock scan; for modern editions, one short quoted translation for comparison. The “compared with Zhu Xi” notes are written by Yikonglu, not quoted.
皇侃《论语义疏》Liang dynasty · 1750 Japanese woodblock edition · juan 七
“云子曰云云者，晉文公，子重耳也。”……
Compared with Zhu Xi
| Commentary | Point | Relation | Confidence | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 钱穆《论语新解》 | same | fairly sure | 同训谲为诡变，齐桓较晋文行事正而非尽无私欲；钱把兵与事并论，朱以伐楚执周王等事示高下。 |
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